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1

CHAPTER IV

2
3

IN THIS CHAPTER IS DECLARED
4THE FIUE THINGES CONTEYNED
5WITHIN THE HEAD.

6
7    Next vnder the bones of the head withinfoorth,
8the first thing that appeareth is Duramater; then
9is Piamater; then the substaunce of the Brayne; and
10then Vermy-formes and Retemirabile . But first to
11speake of Duramater, whereof and howe it is sprong
12and made: First, it is to be noted of the Veine and

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13Arteire that was spoken of in the laste Chapter before,
14howe priuyly they entred through the commissoris or
15seames of the head, and there, by their vnion together,
16they doo not onely bring and geue the spirite of lyfe
17and nutriment, but also doo weaue them selues so togeather,
18that they make this pannicle Duramater. It
19is holden vp by certayne threedes of him selfe comming
20through the sayd commissories, running into Pericranium
21or pannicle that couereth the bones of the head.
22And with the foresayde Veyne and Arteire, and these
23threedes comming from Duramater, is wouen and made
24this Pericranium. Also, why this panicle Duramater
25is set from the skul, I note two causes: the first
26is, that if the Duramater shoulde haue touched the
27skul, it shoulde lightly haue bene hurt with the
28hardnes of the bone: The seconde cause is, that the
29matter that commeth of woundes made in the head
30pearsing the skul, shoulde by it the better be defended
31and kepte from Piamater, and hurting of the brayne.
32    And next vnto this panicle there is another pannicle
33called Pia mater , or meeke mother, because it is so
34softe and tender vnto the brayne. Of whose creation
35it is to be noted as of Duramater, for the original of
36their fyrst creation is of one kind, both from the Hart
37and the Lyuer, and is mother of the very substaunce of
38the brayne. Why it is called Piamater, is, for because
39it is so softe and tender ouer the brayne, that it nourisheth
40the brayne and feedeth it, as doth a louing
41mother vnto her tender childe or babe; for it is not so
42tough and harde as is Duramater. In this panicle Pia
43mater, is much to be noted of the great number of

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44Veynes and Arteirs that are planted, ramefying throughout
45al his substaunce, geuing to the brayne both spirite
46and lyfe. And this Pannicle doth circumuolue or lappe
47al the substaunce of the brayne: and in some places of
48the brayne the Veynes and the Arteirs goo foorth of
49him, and enter into the diuisions of the brayne, and
50there drinketh of the brayne substaunce into them,
51asking of the hart to them the spirite of lyfe or breath,
52and of the Lyuer, nutriment. And the aforesayde
53spirite or breath taketh a further digestion, and there
54it is made animal; by the elaboration of the spirite
55vital, is turned and made animall. Furthermore, why
56there bee moo pannicles ouer the brayne then one, is
57this: If there had beene but one pannicle onely, eyther
58it must haue beene harde, or soft, or meane betweene
59both. If it had beene harde, it should haue hurt the
60braine by his hardnes: if it had beene soft, it shoulde
61haue beene hurt of the harde bone: and yf it had
62beene but meanely neyther hard nor soft, it should
63haue hurt the braine by his roughnes, and also haue
64beene hurte of the harde bone. Therefore God and
65nature haue ordeyned two Pannicles, the one harde,
66and the other softe: the harder to be a meane betweene
67the softe and the bone; and the softer to be a meane
68betweene the harder and the braine it selfe. Also
69these Pannicles be colde and dry of complexion, and
70spermatike.
71    Next is the Brayne, of which it is marueylous to
72be considered and noted, how this Piamater deuideth
73the substaunce of the Brayne, and lappeth it into certen
74selles or diuisions, as thus: The substaunce of the
75braine is diuided into three partes or ventrikles, of
76which the foremost part is the moste: the seconde or
77middlemost is lesse: the third or hindermost is the
78least. And from eche one to other be issues or passages

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79that are called Meates , through whom passeth
80the spirit of life too and fro. But here ye shal note
81that euery Ventrikle is diuided into two partes; and in
82euery parte God hath ordeyned and set singular and
83seueral vertues, as thus: First, in the foremost Ventrikle
84God hath founded and set the common Wittes,
85otherwise called the fyue Wittes, as Hearing, Seeing,
86Feeling, Smelling, and tasting. And also there is in
87one part of this Ventrikle, the vertue that is called
88Fantasie, and he taketh al the formes or ordinaunces
89that be disposed of the fiue wittes, after the meaning
90of sensible thinges: In the other parte of the same
91Ventrikle is ordeyned and founded the Imaginatiue
92vertue, the whiche receyueth of the common Wittes
93the fourme or shape of sensitue thinges, as they were
94receyued of the common wittes withoutfoorth, representing
95their owne shape and ordinaunces vnto the
96memoratiue vertue. In the middest sel or ventrikle
97there is founded and ordeyned the Cogitatiue or estimatiue
98vertue: for he rehearseth, sheweth, declareth, and
99deemeth those things that be offered vnto him by the
100other that were spoken of before. In the thirde Ventrikle,
101and last, there is founded and ordeyned the
102vertue Memoratiue: in this place is registred and kept
103those things that are done and spoken with the senses,
104and keepeth them in his treasurie vnto the putting
105foorth of the fyue or common wittes, or orgaynes, or
106instrumentes of animal workes, out of whose extremities
107or lower partes springeth Mynuca , or marowe of the
108spondels: of whom it shall be spoken of in the Anatomie
109of the necke and backe. Furthermore, it is to be
110noted that from the foremost Ventrikle of the brayne
111springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or feeling senews,
112the which be produced to the Eyes, the Eares, the

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113Nose, the Toung, and to the Stomack, and to diuers
114other partes of the body: as it shal be declared in their
115anatomies.
116    Also it is to bee noted, that aboute the middest
117ventrikle is the place of Vermiformis , with curnelly
118fleshe that filleth; and Retemirabile , or wonderful
119caule vnder the Pannicles, is sette or bounded with
120Arteirs onely, whiche come from the harte, in the
121whyche the vitayle spirite, by his great labour is turned
122and made animal. And ye shal vnderstande, that these
123two be the best kept partes of al the body; for a man
124shal rather dye, then any of these should suffer any
125manner of greefes from withoutfoorth; and therefore
126God hath set them farre from the hart. Heere I note
127the saying of Haly Abbas, of the comming of smal
128Arteirs from the hart, of whom (sayth he) is made a
129marueylous net or caule, in the which caule is inclosed
130the Brayne, and in that place is layde the spirite of
131feeling; from that place hath the spirite of feeling his
132first creation, and from thence passeth to other members,
133&c. Furthermore, ye shal vnderstand that the
134brayne is a member colde and moyst of complexion,
135thinne, and meanely viscous, and a principal member,
136and an official member, and spermatike. And fyrst,
137why he is a principal member, is, because he is the
138gouernour or the treasurie of the fyue wittes: And why
139he is an official member, is, because he hath the effect
140of feeling and stering: And why he is colde and moyst,
141is, that he shoulde, by his coldnes and moystnes, abate
142and temper the exceeding heate and drought that commeth

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143from the harte: Also, why he is moyst, is, that it
144should be the more indifferenter and abler to euery
145thing that shoulde be reserued or gotten into him:
146Also, why it is soft, is, that it should geue place and
147fauour to the vertue of stering: And why it is meanely
148viscous, is, that his senewes should be strong and
149meanely toughe, and that they shoulde not be letted in
150their working throughe his ouermuche hardnes. Heere
151Galen demaundeth a question, which is this, Whether
152that feeling and mouing bee brought to Nerues by
153one or by diuers? or whether the aforesayde thing be
154brought substancially or radically. The matter (sayth
155he) is so harde to searche and be vnderstoode, that it
156were much better to let it alone and passe ouer it.
157Aristotle, intreating of the Brayne, sayth: The Brayne
158is a member continually mouing and ruling al other
159members of the body, geuing vnto them both feeling
160and mouing; for if the Brayne be let, al other members
161be let: and if the Brayne be wel, then al other
162members of the body be the better disposed. Also
163the brayne hath this propertie, that it moueth and followeth
164the mouing of the Moone: for in the waxing of
165the Moone, the Brayne followeth vpwardes; and in the
166wane of the Moone, the brayne discendeth downwardes,
167and vanisheth in substaunce of vertue: for then the
168Brayne shrinketh togeather in it selfe, and is not so
169fully obedient to the spirit of feeling. And this is
170proued in menne that be lunatike or madde, and also
171in men that be epulentike, or hauing the falling sicknesse,
172that be moste greeued in the beginning of the
173newe Moone, and in the latter quarter of the Moone.
174Wherefore (sayth Aristotle) when it happeneth that
175the Brayne is eyther too drye or too moyst, then can it
176not worke his kinde: for then is the body made colde:
177then are the spirites of lyfe melted and resolued away:

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178and then foloweth feebleness of the wittes, and of al
179other members of the body, and at the laste death.
180
181

CHAPTER V.

182
183

HEEREAFTER FOLOWETH THE
184ANATOMIE OF THE FACE.

185
186    The Front or the Forhead conteyneth nothing
187but the Skinne and Musculus fleshe, for the
188panicle vnderneth it is of Pericranium, and
189the bone is of the Coronal bone. Howebeit there
190it is made broade, as yf ther were a double bone,
191whiche maketh the forme of the Browes. It is called
192the Forhead or Front, from one Eare to the other, and
193from the rootes of the Eares of the head before, vnto y^e
194browes. But the cause why the Browes were set and
195reared vp, was, that they shoulde defende the Eyes from
196noyaunce withoutfoorth: And they be ordeyned with
197heare, to put by the humour or sweat that cometh from
198the head. Also the Browes do helpe the Eyeliddes,
199and do beautifie and make fayre the face; for he that
200hath not his Browes heyred, is not seemely. And Aristotle
201sayth, that ouer measurable Browes betokeneth
202an enuious man: Also high browes and thicke betokeneth
203hardnes: and browes with little heare betokeneth
204cowardnes: and meanly, signifieth gentlenes
205of hart. Incisions about these partes ought to be done
206according to the length of the body, for there the
207Muscle goeth from one Eare to the other. And there,
208if any incision should be made with the lenght of the
209Muscle, it might happen the Browe to hang ouer the
210Eye without remedie, as it is many times seene, the

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211more pitie! The browes be called Supercilium in
212Latin; and vnder, is the Eye liddes, which is called
213Cilium , and is garnished with heyres. Two causes I
214finde why the eye-liddes were ordeyned: The fyrst is,
215that they shoulde keepe and defende the Eye from
216duste and other outwarde noyances: the seconde is,
217when the eye is weery or heauy, then they should be
218couered, and take rest vnderneath them. Why the
219heyres were ordeyned in them, is, that by them is
220addressed the formes or similitudes of visible thinges
221vnto the apple of the eye.

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222    The Brest or Thorax is the Arke or Chest of the
223spiritual members of man, as sayth the Philosopher:
224where it is to be noted, that there be foure thinges
225conteyning, and eyght conteyned, as thus: The foure
226conteyning are, the Skinne, Musculus fleshe, the

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227Pappes, and the Bones: The partes conteyned are,
228the Hart, the Lunges, Panikles, Ligamentes, Nerues,
229Veines, Arteirs, Mire or Isofagus. Nowe the skinne
230and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomie. It is to
231be noted, that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from
232the other fleshe of the body, for it is white, glandulus,
233& spongeous: and there is in them, both Nerues,
234Veines and Arteirs; and by them they haue Coliganes
235with the hart, the lyuer, the brayne, and the generatiue
236members. Also there is in the brest, as old Authors
237make mention, lxxx. or .xc. Muskles; for some of
238them be common to the necke, some to the shoulders,
239and to the spades, some to Diafragma or y^e
240Mydriffe, some to the Ribbes, some to the Backe, &
241some to the brest it selfe. But I fynde certayne
242profitablenes in the creation of y^e Paps, aswel in man
243as in woman: for in man it defendeth the spirituals
244from annoyannce outwardly: and another, by their
245thicknes they comfort the natural heate in defience of
246the spirites. And in women there is the generation of
247milke: for in women there commeth from the Matrix
248into their Brestes manye Veines which bring into
249them menstrual blood, the whiche is turned (through
250the digestiue vertue) from red colour into white, like
251the colour of the Pappes, euen as Chylley comming
252from the stomocke to the Lyuer is turned into the
253colour of the Lyuer.
254     Nowe to speake of the bones of the Brest: They
255be sayde to be triple or threefolde; and they be
256numbred to be seuen in the Brest before; and their
257length is according to the breadth of the brest; and
258their extremities or endes be grystlie, as the ribbes be.

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259And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a
260concauitie, in which is set the foote of the Furklebone,
261or Canel bone; and in the nether ende of Thorax ,
262agaynst y^e mouth of the stomacke, hangeth a gristle
263called Ensiforme : and this grystle was ordeyned for
264two causes: One is, that it shuld defende the stomacke
265from hurte outwardly: The seconde is, that in time of
266fulnes it should geue place to the stomacke in time of
267neede when it desireth, &c.
268    Nowe to speake of the parts of the backe behindefoorth:
269There be .xij. Spondels, through whom passeth
270Mynuca , of whom springeth .xij. payre of Nerues,
271bringing both feeling and mouing to the Muscles of
272the Brest aforesayde. And here it is to be noted, that
273in euery syde there be .xij. Rybbes; that is to say,
274 .vij. true, and .v. false, because these .v. be not so
275long as the other .vij. be, and therefore be called false
276Rybbes, as it may be perceiued by the sighte of
277the Eye.
278    Likewise of the partes that be inwardly; and fyrst
279of the Hart, because he is the principal of al other
280members, and the beginning of life: he is set in the
281middest of the brest seuerally by him selfe, as Lord
282and King of al members. And as a Lorde or King
283ought to be serued of his subiectes that haue their
284liuing of him, So are al other members of the body
285subiectes to the Hart, for they receyue their liuing
286of him, and they doo seruice many wayes vnto him
287agayne. The substaunce of the Hart is, as it were,

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288Lazartus fleshe; but it is spermatike, and an official
289member, and the beginning of life; and he geueth to
290euery member of the body both blood of life, and
291spirite of breath and heate: for if the Hart were of
292Lazartus fleshe, his mouing and steering should be
293voluntarie, and not natural; but the contrarie is true,
294for it were impossible that the Hart should be ruled
295by Wyl onely, and not by nature. The Harte hath
296the shape and forme of a Pyneapple; and the brode
297ende thereof is vpwardes, and the sharpe ende is
298downewardes, depending a little towardes the left
299side. And here it is to be noted, that the Hart hath
300blood in his substaunce, whereas al other members
301haue it but in their Veines & Arteirs: also the hart is
302bounde with certayne Ligamentes to the backepart of
303the brest, but these Lygamentes touche not the
304substaunce of the Hart, but in the ouerpart they
305spring foorth of him, and is fastened, as is aforesayde.
306Furthermore, the Hart hath two Ventrikles or concauities,
307and the left is hyer then the right; and the
308cause of this holownesse is this, for to keepe the bloud
309for his nourishing, and the ayre to abate and temper
310the great heate that he is in, the which is kept in his
311concauities. Nowe here it is to be noted, that to the
312right Ventrikle of the harte commeth a veyne from the
313great veyne called Venakelis , that receyueth al the

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314substaunce of the blood from the Lyuer. And this
315veine that commeth from Venakelis , entreth into the
316hart at the right Ventrikle, as I sayde before; and in
317him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to
318nourishe the Hart with; & the residue that is left of
319this, is made subtil through the vertue of the hart;
320and then this blood is sent into a concauitie or pytte in
321the myddest of the Harte betweene the two Ventrikles,
322and therein it is made hote and pured; and then it
323passeth into the left Ventrikle, and there is ingendred
324in it a spirit that is clearer, brighter, and subtiller then
325any corporal or bodely thing that is ingendred of the
326foure Elementes; For it is a thing that is a meane betweene
327the body and the soule. Wherfore it is likened
328of the Philosophers, to be more liker heauenly thinges
329then earthly thinges. Also it is to be noted, that from
330the left Ventrikle of the Hart springeth two Arteirs:
331The one hauing but one cote, and therefore it is called
332Arterea venalis : and this Arteir carieth blood from the
333Hart to the Lungs, the which Blood is vaporous, that
334is tried and left of the Harte, and is brought by this
335Artery to the Lunges, to geue hym nutriment: and
336there he receyueth of the Lunges ayre, and bringeth it
337to the hart to refreshe him with. Wherefore Galen

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338sayth, that he fyndeth that mans harte is natural and
339frendly to the Lungs, for he geueth him of his owne
340nutrimental to nourishe him with; and the Lunges
341rewarde him with ayre to refreshe him with agayne,
342&c. The other Arterye that hath two cotes, is called
343vena Arterialis , or the great Artery that ascendeth and
344dissendeth; and of him springeth al the other Arteirs
345that spreade to euery member of the body, for by him
346is vnified and quickneth al the members of the body.
347For the spirite that is reteyned in them, is the instrument
348or treasure of al the vertue of the soule. And
349thus it passeth vntil it come to the Brayne; & there
350he is turned into a further digestion, and there he
351taketh another spirite, and so is made animal, and at
352the Lyuer nutrimental, and at the Testikles generatiue;
353and thus it is made a spirite of euery kinde, so that he,
354beeing meane of al maner of operations and workinges,
355taketh effect. Two causes I fynde why these
356Arteirs haue two cotes: One is, that one cote is not
357sufficient nor able to withstande the violent mouing
358and steering of the spirite of lyfe that is caryed in
359them: The seconde cause is, that the thing that is
360caried about from place to place, is of so precious a
361treasure that it had the more neede of good keeping.
362And of some Doctors this Arteir is called Pulsatiue
363veyne, or the beating veyne: for by him is perceyued
364the power & might of the Hart, &c. Wherfore God
365and Nature haue ordeyned that the Arteirs should
366haue two cotes.
367    Also there is in the Harte three Pelikels, opening
368and closing the gooing in of the Harte blood and
369spirite in conuenient time. Also the Hart hath two

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370little Eares, by whome commeth in and passeth out
371the ayre that is prepared for the Lunges. Also there
372is founde in the Hart a Cartilaginus auditament , to
373helpe and strength the selfe Harte. Also the Harte is
374couered with a strong Pannikle, which is called of
375some, Capsula cordeo , or Pericordium , the whiche is a
376strong case, vnto whome commeth Nerues, as to other
377inwarde members. And this Panicle Pericordium
378springeth of the vpper Pannicle of the Midriffe. And
379of him springeth another Panikle, called Mediastinum ,
380the which departeth the Brest in the middest, and
381keepeth that the Lunges fal not ouer the Hart. Also
382there is an other Pannikle that couereth the Ribbes
383inwardly, that is called Plura , of whom the Midriffe
384taketh his beginning. And it is sayde of many
385Doctors, that Duramater is the originall of all the
386Pannicles within the body: and thus one taketh of
387another, &c.
388
389

CHAPTER VIII.

390

THE ANATOMIE OF THE
391LUNGES.

392
393    The Lunges is a member spermatike of his fyrst
394creation; and his natural complexion is colde and
395dry; and in his accidental complexion he is colde

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396and moyste, lapped in a Nerueous Pannikle, bicause
397it should gather togeather the softer substaunce of
398the Lunges, and that the Lunges might feele by the
399meanes of the Pannicle, that whiche he might not feele
400in himselfe. Nowe to proue the Lunges to be colde
401and drye of kinde, it appeareth by hys swift steering,
402for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the hart, and about the
403harte. And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde, it
404appeareth wel, that he receyueth of the brayne many
405cold matters, as Cataries, and Rumes, whose substaunce
406is thinne. Also I fynde in the Lunges, three kinds of
407substaunce: One is a Veyne comming from the Liuer,
408bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the
409Chylle to feede the Lunges: Another is Arterea venalis ,
410comming from the hart, bringing with him the spirite
411of lyfe to nourishe him with: The third is Trachia
412arteria , that bringeth in ayre to the Lunges; and it
413passeth through al the left part of them to doo his
414office. The Lunges is deuided into fiue Lobbes or
415Pellikels, or fiue portions, that is to say, three in the
416right side, and two in the left side. And it was done
417for this cause, that if there fel any hurt in the one part,
418the others shoulde serue and doo their office. And
419three causes I finde why the Lunges were principally
420ordeyned: First, that they should drawe colde winde,
421and refreshe the hart: The seconde, that they shoulde

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422chaunge and alter, and purifie the ayre before it come
423to y^e hart, least the hart were hurte and noyed with the
424quantitie of the ayre: The thirde cause is, that they
425shoulde receyue from the harte the fumous superfluities
426that he putteth foorth with hys breathing, &c.
427    Behinde the Lunges, towarde the Spondels, passeth
428Mire or Isofagus, of whom it is spoken of in the
429Anatomie of the necke. And also there passeth both
430Veynes and Arteirs; and al these with Trachia arteria
431doo make a Stoke, replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles,
432and strong Lygaments, and Glandulus fleshe
433to fulfil the voyde places. And last of al is the
434Midriffe; and it is an official member, made of two
435Pannikles, and Lazartus flesh; and his place is in the
436middest of the body ouerthwart or in bredth vnder
437the region of the spirituall members, departing them
438from the matrix. And three causes I finde why the
439Midriffe was ordeyned: First, that it should diuide the
440spirituals from the nutrates: The seconde, that it
441should keepe the vital colour or heate to dissende
442downe to the nutrates: The last is, that the malicious
443fumes reared vp from the nutrates, should not noye the
444spirituals or vytals, &c.
445    The wombe is the region or the citie of al the
446Intrils; the whiche reacheth from the Midriffe downe
447vnto the share inwardly, and outwardly from the
448Reynes or Kydnes, downe to the bone Pecten, about
449the priuie partes. And thys wombe is compounde and
450made of two thinges, that is to say, of Syfac and Myrac .
451Syfac is a Pannicle, and a member spermatike, official,

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452sensible, senowy, compound of subtil Wyl, and in complexion
453colde and drye, hauing his beginning at the
454inner Pannicle of the Midriffe. And it was ordeyned
455because it shoulde conteyne and bind together al the
456Intrals, and that he defende the Musculus so that he
457oppresse not the natural members. And that he is
458strong and tough; it is because he should not be lightly
459broken, and that those thinges that are conteyned goo
460not foorth, as it happeneth to them that are broken, &c.
461    Myrac is compound and made of foure things, that
462is, of skin outwardly, of fatnes, of a carnous pannicle,
463and of Musculus fleshe. And that it is to be vnderstanded,
464that all the whole from Sifac outwarde, is called
465Myrac, it appeareth wel by the wordes of Galen, where
466he commaundeth, that in al woundes of the wombe, to
467sewe the Sifac with the Myrac; and by that it proueth,
468that there is nothing without the Sifac, but Myrac.
469And in this Myrac or vtter parte of the wombe, there
470is noted eyght Muscles, two Longitudinals, proceeding
471from the sheelde of the Stomache vnto Os Pecten : two
472Latitudinales comming from the backe-wardes to the
473wombe: and foure Tranuerse, of the which, two of them
474spring from the Ribbes on the right side, and go to the
475left side, to the bones of the Haunches, or of Pecten: and
476the other two spring from the Ribbes on the left syde,
477and come ouer the wombe to the righte partes, as the
478other before doth. Heere it is to be noted, that by the

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479vertue of the subtyl wyl that is in the Musculus longitudinal,
480is made perfect the vertue attractiue: and by
481the musculus Tranuerse is made the vertue retentiue:
482and by the musculus Latitudinale is made the vertue
483expulsiue. It is thus to be vnderstoode, that by the
484vertue attractiue, is drawen downe into the Intrals al
485superfluities, both water, wynde, and dyrt: By the
486vertue retentiue, all thinges are withholden and kept,
487vntil nature haue wrought his kinde: And by the
488vertue expulsiue, is put foorth al thinges when Nature
489prouoketh any thing to be done. Galen sayth that
490woundes or incisions be more perillous in the middest
491of the wombe then about the sides, for there the partes
492be more tractable, then any other partes be. Also he
493sayth, that in wounds persing the womb there shal not
494be made good incarnation, except Sifac be sewed with
495Myrac.
496    Nowe to come to y^e parts conteyned within: Fyrst,
497that which appeareth next vnder the Sifac is Omentum ,
498or Zirbus , the which is a pannicle couering the stomacke
499and the Intrals, implanted with many Veynes and
500Arteirs, and not a little fatnes ordeyned to keepe moyst
501the inwarde partes. This Zirbus is an official member,
502and is compound of a veyne and an Arteir, the which
503entreth and maketh a line of the vtter tunikle of the
504stomacke, vnto whiche tunikle hangeth the Zirbus,
505and couereth al the guttes downe to the shayre. Two
506causes I finde why they were ordeyned: one is, that
507they shuld defend y^e nutratiues outwardly: the seconde
508is, that through his owne power & vertue he should
509strength and comfort the digestion of al the Nutrates,
510because they are more feebler then other members be,
511bicause they haue but a thin wombe or skinne, &c.

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512    Next Zirbus, appeareth the Intrals or guttes, of
513which Galen saith, that the Guttes were ordeined in
514the fyrst creation to conuey the drosse of the meate
515and drinke, & to clense the body of their superfluities.
516And here it is to be noted that there be sixe portions
517of one whole Gutte, which both in man and beast
518beginneth at the nether mouth of the stomacke, and
519so continueth foorth to the end of the Fundament.
520Neuerthelesse he hath diuers shapes and formes, and
521diuers operations in the body; and therfore he hath
522diuers names. And here-vpon the Philosophers say,
523that y^e lower wombe of a man is like vnto the wombe
524of a swine. And lyke as the stomack hath two
525tunikles, in like maner haue al the Guttes two tunikles.
526The fyrst portion of the Guttes is called Duodenum ,
527for he is .xij. ynches of length, and couereth the nether
528parte of the stomacke, and receyeth al the drosse of
529y^e stomacke: The second portion of the Guttes is
530called Ieiunium , for he is euermore emptie; for to him
531lyeth euermore the chest of the Gal, beating him sore,
532and draweth forth of him al the drosse, and clenseth
533him clene: The .iij. portion of gutte is called Yleon ,
534or final gutte, and is in length .xv. or .xvj. Cubites.
535In this gutte oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca
536passio . The .iiij. gut is called Monoculus , or blind

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537gut; and it seemeth to haue but one hole or mouth;
538but it hath two, one neere vnto the other; for by the
539one al thinges go in, and by the other they goo out
540agayne: The fyfth is called Colon , and receyeth al the
541drosse depriued from al profitablenesse; and therefore
542there commeth not to him any veynes Miseraices, as to
543the other: The syxte and last is called Rectum or
544Longaon , and he is ended in the Fundament, and hath
545in his nether end foure Muscles, to holde, to open, to
546shutte, and to put out, &c. Next is to be noted of
547Mesenterium , the which is nothing else but a texture
548of innumerable veynes Miseraices, ramefied of one
549veyne called Porta epates , couered and defended of
550Pannicles and Ligamentes comming to the Intrals,
551with the backe ful of fatnes and glandulus fleshe, &c.
552    The stomacke is a member compound and spermatike,

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553senowy and sensible; and therein is made perfect
554the fyrst digestion of Chile. This is a necessarie member
555to al the body; for if it fayle in his working, al the
556members of the body shal corrupte. Wherefore Galen
557sayth, that the stomacke was ordeyned principally for
558two causes: The first, that it shoulde be to al the
559members of the body, as y^e earth is to al that are
560ingendred of the earth, that is, that it shoulde desire
561sufficient meate for al the whole body: The seconde
562is, that the stomacke should be a sacke or chest to al
563the bodie for y^e meate, and as a Cooke to al the
564members of the body. The stomacke is made of two
565pannicles, of which the inner is Nerueous, and the
566vtter Carneous. This inner pannicle hath musculus
567longitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomacke
568to the mouth, by the which he draweth to him meate
569and drinke, as it were handes. Also he hath Tranuers
570wyl, for to withholde or make retention. And also
571the vtter pannicle hath Latitudinal wyl, to expulse and
572put out; and that by his heate he shoulde helpe the
573digestiue vertue of the Stomacke, and by other heates
574geuen by his neighbours, as thus: It hath the lyuer
575on the right side, chafing & heating him with his lobes
576or figures: & the Splen on the left syde, with his fatnes,
577and veynes sending to him melancolie, to exercise
578his appetites: and aboue him is the Harte, quickening
579him with his Arteries: Also the brayne, send to
580him a braunche of Nerues to geue him feeling. And

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581he hath on the hinder parte, dissending of the partes
582of the backe, many Lygamentes, with the which he is
583bounde to the Spondels of the backe. The forme or
584figure of the Stomacke is long, in likenes of a gowrde,
585crooked: and that both holes be in the vpper part of
586the body of it, is because there should be no going out
587of it vnaduisedly of those thinges that are receyued into
588it. The quantitie of the stomacke commonly holdeth
589two pitchers of water, and it maye suffer many passions;
590and the nether mouth of the stomacke is narrower
591then the vpper, and that for three causes: the first cause
592is, that the vpper receyueth meate great and boystrous
593in substaunce, that there beeying made subtile, it might
594passe into the nether: The second is, for by him
595passeth al the meates, with their chilositie, from the
596Stomacke to the Lyuer: The thirde is, for that through
597him passeth al the drosse of the Stomacke to the guttes.
598And this suffiseth for the Stomacke, &c.
599    The Lyuer is a principal member, and official; and
600of his first creation, spermatike; complete in quantitie
601of blood, of him self insencible, but by accidence he is
602sencible, and in him is made the seconde digestion, and
603is lapped in a Senowy pannicle. And that he is a
604principall member, it appeareth openly by the Philosophers,
605by Auicen and Galen. And it is official, as
606is the stomacke; and it is of spermatike matter, and
607senowy, of the which is ingendred his Veynes. And
608because it was little in quantitie, nature hath added to
609it cruded blood, to the accomplishment of sufficient
610quantity, and is lapped in a senowy pannicle. And
611why the Lyuer is cruded, is, because y^e Chile which

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612commeth from the stomacke to the Lyuer, should be
613turned into the colour of blood. And why the Lyuer
614was ordeined, was, because that al the nutrimental
615blood shoulde be ingendred in him. The proper place
616of the Lyuer is vnder the false Ribbes in the righte
617side. The forme of the lyuer is gibbous or bunchy on
618the back side, & it is somewhat hollow, like the insyde
619of an hande. And why it is so shapen, is, that it
620should be plycable to the stomacke, like as a hande
621dothe to an apple, to comforte her digestion; for his
622heate is to the stomacke as the heate of the fyre is to
623the Potte or Cauldron that hangeth ouer it. Also the
624Lyuer is bounde with his pellikles to the Diafragma,
625and with strong Lygamentes. And also he hath Colyganes
626with the Stomack and the Intrals, and with
627the Hart and the Raines, the Testicles, and other members.
628And there are in hym fiue Pellikles like fiue
629fingers. Galen calleth the Lyuer Massasanguinaria , conteyning
630in it selfe foure substances, Natural and Nutrimental.
631The naturals is sent with the blood to all
632partes of the body to be ingendred and nourished.
633And the nutrimentals be sequestrate, and sent to places
634ordeyned for some helpinges. These are the places of
635the humors: the blood in the Lyuer, Choler in the
636chest of gal, Melancolie to the Splen, Flegme to the
637Lunges and the Iunctures, the watery superfluities to
638the Reynes and the Vesike. And they goo with y^e

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639blood, and sometime they putrifie and make Feuers;
640and some be put out to the skin, and be resolued by
641sweat, or by skab, by Pushes, or by Impostumes. And
642these foure natural humours, that is to say, Sanguin,
643Choler, Melancoly, & Fleme, be ingendred and distributed
644in this maner: First ye shal vnderstande,
645that from the Spermatike matter of the Liuer inwardly,
646there is ingendred two greate veynes, of the whiche
647the first and the greatest is called Porta , and commeth
648from the concauitie of the Lyuer, of whom springeth
649al the smal veynes Miseraices ; and these Miseraices
650be to Vena porta as the braunches of a tree be to the
651stocke or tree. For some of them be conteyned with
652the botome of the stomacke, some wyth Duodenum ,
653some with Ieiunium , some with Yleon , & some with
654Monoculus or Saccus . And from al these guttes they
655bring to Vena porta the succozitie of Chiley gooing
656from the stomacke, & distribute it into the substaunce
657of the Lyuer. And these veynes Miseraices be innumerable.
658And in these vaynes is begon the seconde
659digestion, and ended in the Lyuer, like as is in the
660Stomacke the fyrst digestion. So it proueth that
661Vena porta and vena Miseraices serue to bring al the
662succozitie of the meate and drinke that passeth the
663Stomacke, to the Liuer, and they spreade them selues
664thorough the substaunce of the Liuer inwardly; and al
665they stretche towards the gibbos or bowing part of the
666Liuer, and there they meete and goe al into one vnitie,
667& make the seconde great veine called Venakelis , or
668Concaua , or Vena ramosa , al is one; and he with his
669rootes draweth out al the blood ingendred from the

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670Lyuer, and with his braunches ramefying vpwardes
671and downewardes, carieth and conueyeth it to al other
672members of the body to be nourished with, where is
673made perfect the thirde digestion. And also there
674goeth from the Lyuer, veines bearing the superfluities
675of the thirde digestion to their proper places, as it shal
676be declared hereafter.