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1

THE 6^TE CHAPITLE, OF ÞE ANOTHOMYE OF ÞE WOMBE AND OF HIS
2PARTIES.

3
4    The wombe is euene-voycely departed in two, as of þis present.
5Firste, it is taken for þat þat þe Arabyque translacioun clepeþ
6it, þe stomak. Þe stomak forsoþe in þe translacioun of Grew is
7cleped mery or ysophagus. In þe Arabique translacioun þe stomak
8forsoþe is cleped þe wombe. In þe secounde, it is taken for al þe
9regioun of þe nutrityues, and so it is taken here.
10    Aboute þe whiche seche we, after Mundyne, þoo 9
11þinges þe whiche beþ souȝt in oþer membres. First, of his general
12pocicioun and site, it semeþ þat it is of þe regioun of þe spiritual

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13membres. Of þe particuler pocycyoun and siȝte, seynge þat þe
14mowþe parte þerof is toward þe forcelle (þe whiche olde men cleped
15þe precordial), þe parte of þe stomak is þerfro at þre fynger brede
16nygh þe wombe. The wombe parte or sumealis is fro þe nauel
17dounward. Þe ypocondres beþ fro þe side vnder þe rybbes, þe
18ylyons forsoþe ben aboue þe haunches.
19    The nombre of þe parties of þe wombe and þe anothomye
20þerof may not wel be seyn but as it was saide aboue. Be þe wombe
21opened after þe lengþe and ouerþwarte. And it is so open, by þe
22conteynynge parties considered and partes conteyned. The conteyninge
23partes in þe former partie beeþ myrac and syfac, and þe
24hynder partye beeþ þe 5 spondiles of þe reynes and þe flesche
25iputte to ham. Myrac is made substancially of 4 partes, þat is to
26say, of a skynne, of fatnesse, of a fleschy pannycle, and of muscles
27of the whiche comen cordes. Syphac is but a pannycle wiþynneforth
28drawynge to þilke myrac. Of þe whiche þinges, differens
29appereth bytwene myrac and syphac.
30    The conteyned parties beeþ 7: first is zirbus, þan þe intestestynes,
31and after, þe stomak, þe lyuer, þe mylte, þe mesenterie and þe
32reynes, for þe bledder and þe moder schal be saide in þe anothomye
33of þe haunches. Of the whiche it is to pursewe by ordre. And
34firste, of þe skynne, of þe fatnesse and of þe fleschy pannycle, it is
35knowen to alle men.
36    Brawnes beeþ made in þe wombe for to strengþe. And þerwith
37þay helpen oþer membres to caste oute her superfluytees (i. filþes).
38And þay beeþ 8 in nombre, after Galien in 4^to De Vtilitate and
396^to Terapeutice , þat is to say, two longitudinales (i. longe synowes),
40goyng fro þe schelde of þe stomak vnto þe bones of þe reynes, and
41two latitudynalles (i. brode synowes), goyng fro þe bak aboue þe
42wombe, þwartynge hemself by þe myddel of þe wombe to 4 forþriȝt
43and ouerþwartynge corners. Wherof two springen
44of þe ribbes of þe riȝt side, and þai passen to þe left side of þe hepe
45bone and of þe schare. And oþer two spryngen of þe lefte ribbes,
46passynge to þe riȝt side of þe forsaide bones, in crossynge ham by
47þe myddel of þe wombe to þe schappe of þe lettre x.
48    Thise muscles ikuytte and lefte vp, syphac appereth, þe whiche

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49is cleped perytoneum. And it is saide of pary, þat is aboute, and
50of tendo, þat is goyng, as it were goynge aboute. Þe whiche is
51a ful neruouse pannycle, sutil and harde, and þat for þey schulde
52lette þat þe muscles schulde not þriste the natural membres, and
53þat it may be spred and constreyned to þe kynde of oþer membres,
54and þat it be not liȝtly broken and þat þe contentes schal not goo
55out, as it happeþ in crepatures (i. burstynges), and þat it schulde
56bynde þe intestynes to þe bak. And it is ordeyned þat it schulde
57helpe þe membres to caste out þo þinges þat beeþ to be caste oute.
58And so is þe disposicioun schewed of þe conteynynge parties of
59þilke wombe.
60    Of þe whiche it is schewed þat Galien saiþ in 6^to Terapeutice
61þat woundynges and kyttynges ben more perilouse and more harde
62aboute þe myddel of þe wombe þan aboute sides, for þoo parties
63of þe intestynes beþ more drawynge togedre and able to passe
64forþe þan þat oþer parties. It semeþ also þat, in þe woundes of þe
65wombe persynge, but if siphac be sewede wiþ myrac, gode incarnacioun
66schal not be made.
67    Þise þinges iseyne, it is to goo to þe contentes wiþynne þe
68wombe, where þat zirbus comeþ first, þat is cleped of Galien
69omentum or ephiglotum, of epyepy, þat is aboue, and plenumplenum, þat is
70to seme, as it were semynge aboue al. The whiche is a pannycle
71wrappynge and coueryng þe stomak and intestynes wiþ two þikke
72and sotil tunycles to ham iputte togidre, ordeyned of many
73arteries, of veynes and nouȝt of litel fatnesse, to hete þe forsaide
74membres and þe ribbes, in 4^to De Vtilitate, capitulo 14. Whos
75bygynnynge is of þe parties after þe bak of þe peritone. Of þe
76whiche þe forsaide periles ben schewed when it gooþ
77oute in woundes of þe wombe, for it is liȝtliche altrede for þe fatnesse.
78And it is to be bounden and nouȝt kytte, dredyng þe
79emorogye, after Galien in Terapeutice, loco prealligato .
80    After forsoþe, for þat þe intestynes letten þe siȝt of þe anothomye
81of oþer membres, of ham is to be saide. The intestynes forsoþe ben
82wroght of two tunycles to fulfille þe firste digestioun, i-ordeyned
83to ȝeue chilum (i. þe dygeste mater) to þe lyuer, medlynge þe vynes
84myserayces, and to putte oute þe stynkynge superfluyte.

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85    The nombre of þe intestynes is 6. And þogh þay be alle contynue,
86neuerþelatter þei haue dyuers schappes and offices, by þe whiche
87þai beeþ departed, þat is to say, 3 smale and as many grete, whos
88cathologe is put of Galien, 4^to De Vtilitate, capitulo 26^o . The
89firste gutte forsoþe after þe wombe is þe portonarye or þe duodene.
90The secounde, ieiunium, þe ieiune. Þe 3 is subtile (i. þe smalle
91gutte). Þe fourþe is þe blynde gutte. Þe 5, coloun. Þe 6 is of þe
92euene gutte, in þe whiche beþ muscles after þe ende, þe whiche
93rwelen þe superfluytees.
94    And þat þe anothomye may be þe bettre seyne, it is to begynne
95at þe laste gutte, þat is cleped rectum, þe euen gutte or longaon .
96And for þe drastes schal not lette, be it ibounden toward þe ouer
97ende in two places. And be it kytte in þe myddel of the byndynge,
98and by þe lower parte ilefte. And be it proceded in vnfleschynge
99til it come nygh þe flankes, where þe gutte colon bygynneþ, þat is
100grete and holowe, in þe whiche þe feces (i. drastes) taken her
101fourme or colour. And it haþ wel two arme lengþe, and it boweþ
102toward þe lefte reyne. And in ascendynge toward þe mylte, it
103turneþ aȝeyne itself in þe furþer partie to þe riȝt side of þe stomak
104vnder þe þridde mantel of þe lyuer, where it resceyueþ a manere
105porcioun of colre, þe whiche exciteþ hym to caste out. And in
106turnynge aȝen, it descendeth to þe right reyne to þe ende of þe
107haunche, where þat þe one-eyȝed or blynde gutte bygynneþ, for
108it is nouȝt seyn to haue but one hole, þogh it haue two ful
109nygh togedre. By þat one þe mater goþ yn, and by þat oþer it gooth
110oute. It is also cleped saccus , a sek, to þe manere of the stomak, for
111it is þat oþer stomak. And it is schorte, of a good hond brede. And
112þat for nyghede þe whiche it hath to þe schares and for it is nouȝt
113wel bounden, it gooþ downe liȝtly in burstynge into þe codde, after
114Auicen.
115    And fro þat spryngeþ yleon, þe whiche is a smal and a longe gutte,
116wel of 7 or 8 arme lengþe. And it is moche folden togedre aboute
117þe flankes and þe bak.
118    After forsoþe, þou schal fynde ieiunium , þe ieiune or þe fastande
119gutte, so icleped of voydenesse imade of a multitude of þe veynes
120myseracies and also of a porcioun of colre isente bytwene hym and
121þe portonarie. To whom þe duodene is conteyned, so icleped for
122his lengþe is of 12 fynger brede. And it is also cleped þe portonarie
123of office, for it is þe lower gate of þe stomak, as mery is þe ouer.

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124    Of þe whiche þou may see in þe passiouns of þe guttes þe
125fyndynge of clisteries and places where þe remedies schal be layde
126to, for in þe colique þay schal be layde in þe former partie and
127aboute þe lefte parte and þe riȝt, and in yliaca passione aboute þe
128sides. Also þou schalt mowe see þat þe woundes of þe smale guttes
129beþ not icured, for þay beeþ moste pannyculouse. Þe woundes
130forsoþe of þe grete guttes beþ somtyme cured (i. heled), for þai
131beeþ more fleisshy.
132    And þat þou schal þe bettre see oþer membres, it is good to
133bynde toward þe portonarie and to kytte as þou dedest aboue,
134and be þe guttes drawen out. And firste, if þou wilt, þou schalt
135see þe mesenterie, þat is no þing elles but a weuynge of þe veynes
136myserayces innumerable, ibraunched of a veyne icleped porta
137epatis , þe gate of þe lyuer, to þe intestynes. And it is couered and
138warisshed of pannycles and of ligamentes ioynynge togedre þe
139intestynes wiþ þe bak. It is comuneliche cleped rodol and is ful of
140fatnesse and of glandulouse flesche, þe whiche schal see
141departed fro þe intestynes. And it þrowen out, þow schalt see þe
142anothomye of þe stomak.
143    The stomak or þe wombe is þe instrument of þe firste digestioun,
144gendrynge chilum (i. þe natural moysture). Wherþorwe as þe
145veynes myserayces beeþ arrayers of þe digestioun (i. defieng) of
146þe lyuer, so is þe mowth, of þe stomak. Wherof, as Auicen seiþ,
147norisshynge in chewyng haþ some digestioun. To whom mery or
148ysophagus serueþ in þe ouer partie to lede metes to þe same. And
149þe intestynes with þe myserays serueþ to þrowe oute noyeng
150þinges and to departe or to dele þe profitable þinges digestede and
151chylosate in it. It is forsoþe as it were a comune spense of alle þe
152particles (i. membres), ordeyned isette in þe myddel of a beste,
153after Galien, 4^to De Vtilitate, capitulo primo . And þogh it be
154putte in þe myddel vnder þe breste bone, neuerþelatter þe ouer
155partie þerof boweth a litel to þe left side toward þe 12^te spondile,
156where þat þe mydrede endeth; þe neþer partie forsoþe, to þe ryȝte.
157His acte (i. dede) forsoþe is to defie propurly by þe hete of þe
158carnuositee (i. fulflesshyhede) of his bothme, as Auicen saiþ, and
159by oþer hetes geten of his neygheboures. It hath forsoþe the lyuer
160on þe right half, as it were above, makynge hym warme wiþ his
161lappes or fyngres, and þe splene in þe left half ouerþwartynge,

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162wiþ his fatnesse and veynes sendynge þerwiþ to hym melancolie
163to exite þe appetite. And it hath aboue, þe herte, wiþ his arteries
164quyckyng, and þe brayne to be feled to hym, and a braunche of
165synowes toward þe ouer partie defienge. It haþ also, on þe bak
166half, þe veynes kyalym and aborthi descendynge and many lygamentes,
167wiþ the whiche it is bounden to þe spondyles of þe reynes.
168And so is schewed his acte, his pocicioun and his fastynge.
169    The nombre forsoþe of his parties, as it was saide of mery, and
170of þe two tunycles, þat is to say, the fleschy wiþoute and þe
171neruouse (i. synowy) wiþynne, wiþ longe flockes to
172drawyng, wiþ ouerþwartynge to wiþholdyng, and brode to þrowe
173out. The schappe of it and þe figure is rounde and euelong to þe
174manere of a croked gourde, so in crokyng þat the forsaide mowþes
175beeþ þe hyeste parties of þe body þerof, to þat þat an vnavised
176goyng oute of þe contentis schal not be made. The open quantite
177holdeth comuneliche þre pyntes of wyne. It may suffre many sekenessis.
178In helynge we bene helped by anothomye, for the remedyes
179may comforte to þe ouer partie aboute þe parte of þe 12 spondyles
180and in þe former partie on þe forcelle and nyhand to þe nauel.
181    Folowyngly it is to say of þe lyuer. The lyuer is þe instrument
182of þe secounde digestioun and gendrer of blode, isette in þe riȝte
183side vnder þe fauce ribbes. It haþ a croked schappe and bowgynge
184toward þe ribbes and holowe towarde þe stomak, wiþ 5 lappettes
185or mantelles takynge or haldynge togedre aboue þat stomak to þe
186manere of an hande. And þe lyuer, as oþer bowels, haþ a pannycle
187coueryng hym, to þe whiche a lytel synowe comeþ by way of
188felynge. That lyuer forsoþe wiþ his pannycle is bounden wiþ þe
189mydrede and by consequent wiþ þe ouer, strong lygamentes and
190wiþ the stomak, wiþ the bak and wiþ the intestynes. And it haþ
191fastnynge with ham and wiþ the herte, wiþ the reynes and also
192wiþ þe priue stones and wiþ alle þe membres.
193    The substaunce of þe lyuer is rede and flesshy as it were clodrede
194blood, graffed yn by all of veynes and of arteries, as it schal be
195saide. The lyuer forsoþe, þogh it be made of many þinges, neuerþelatter
196it haþ a symple particle, þat is to say flesshe, by þe whiche
197þe bygynnynge of bledynge and of veynes is hadde. For, after
198þat Galien saiþ in 2^o De Virtutibus Naturalibus, capitulo vltimo ,

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199and in 4^to De Vtilitate, capitulo 5^to , as þre substaunces ben made
200of muske by boyllynge, so þre substaunces ben made of þe chyle
201by decoccioun (i. seþinge) in the lyuer, þat is to wyten,
202two superfluytees and oo natural substaunce comune to þe
203humours, wiþ a watryhede. And by oure comune scole it is cleped
204massa sanguinaria, conteynynge in it þre natural and nutrimental
205(i. norisshynge) substaunces, as it is schewed fulliche in 2^o De
206Elementis.
207    Thise 4 humours þerfore, þe whiche ben gendred of þe chile
208in þe lyuere, as it is saide, ben twofolde: some ben natural
209(i. kyndely), so cleped of þe kyndelyhede of norisshynge, and some
210ben nouȝt natural (i. nouȝt kyndely). The natural humours beþ
211sende wiþ the blood to gendre and to norisshe all þe body. The
212innatural humours ben voyded away and sente to dewe places for
213some manere helpynges, or þay be þrowen oute. Þay beeþ sente
214fro the body, as colera to þe hucche of þe galle, melancolye to þe
215splene (i. mylte), flewme to þe ioyntes, and þe watry superfluyte
216to þe reynes and to þe bledder. Þay ben þrowen out of þe body,
217and þai gone wiþ the blood. And somtyme þay beþ rotede, and
218þay maken feueres. And some ben þrowe out to þe skynne,
219and þay beþ resolued insensibly or ellis sensibly (i. þat may
220be feled) by swetynge or by scabbe or by bleynes or by apostemes.
221    Ther beþ þerfore 4 natural humours and 4 innatural and a
222watryhede, þe whiche olde men named blood, flewme, colre and
223melancolie. The whiche, igendred in þe lyuer, ben deled by þis
224manere: in þe holownesse of þe lyuere gooþ oute a veyne icleped
225porta (i. þe gate), þe whiche, iparted wiþ innumerable smale veynes
226myseraices isette in þe stomak and in þe intestynes, drawen and
227beren al þe iuse of þe chyle to þe lyuer. And þat veyne wiþ his
228rootes todeleþ it al by þe lyuer. Fro þe bowge forsoþe of þe same
229lyuer, a veyne gooþ oute, icleped vena concaua (i. the holowe
230veyne) or kilis (þe kyle), þe whiche also, wiþ his rootes metynge
231wiþ the oþer, drawen oute of all þe lyuer þe blood igendred in it.
232And þat veyne in braunching vpward and dounward, as
233it was saide aboue, todeleþ and bereþ þat blood to norisshe al þe

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234body, where þat þe þridde and fourþe digestioun is made. Also
235fro þe lyuer his propre wayes and nekke goon oute, berynge of þe
236forsaide digestioun to here owne places, þe whiche schal be saide.
237Of þe whiche þe acte, þe pocicioun, þe substaunce and þe accorde
238is schewed, þe whiche ben soghte in þe lyuer as in oþer
239membres.
240    Now it is to say of sekenessis. Þe lyuer, after þat ȝe see, may
241suffre many sekenessis, of þe whiche þe bledynge is hurte, þe
242whiche is his owne dede, and an euel humour and þe ydropisy is
243made. Wherfore þe ydropises is errour of þe digestioun in þe
244lyuer, after Galien in Libro de Virtutibus and 6^to De Egritudine
245et Sinthomate . Also it semeþ of þe forsaide þinges þat þe medicyne
246of þe lyuer schal be applied (i. laide to) in þe riȝt side. And for þe
247substaunce þerof, þai schal haue some stekynge.
248    After þe anothomye of þe lyuer it is to say of þe particles to þe
249whiche the superfluytees beþ sente, now igendred in it, as it is
250saide, and firste in þe hucche of þe galle. The hucche of þe galle
251is a manere purse or a pannyculouse bledder, isette in þe holownesse
252of þe lyuer aboute the myddel mantel or lappette, ordeyned
253to resceyue þe colerique superfluyte þe whiche is gendred in it.
254The whiche purse forsoþe haþ two mowþes or nekkes i-oned to
255some distaunce, after Mundyne. Oone is dressed towarde þe
256myddel of þe lyuer to resceyue colre, þat oþer to þe botme of þe
257stomak and to þe intestynes to mundefie (i. clense) and to þrowe
258oute colre to ham for þe forsaide profites. Of þe whiche appereþ
259þe siȝte and þe place, þe acte, þe substaunce, þe schappe and the
260accorde. Ȝe may see þe quantite and þat þat is conteyned in it; it
261holdeþ happely a glasseful. Ȝe may also considre þat it may suffre
262opilaciouns (i. stoppynges), boþe in þe propre nekke and in þe
263comune. When þe stoppynges beþ in þe comune, þan colre is
264noght drawen ne þrowen oute, but it leueþ wiþ þe blood, and it
265cytryneþ þe vryne and al þe body. And whan þei beeþ
266in þe propre, þe helpynges failleþ þe whiche it makiþ in þo
267membres to þe whiche it was byquethed, and it gendreþ euel
268accidentes, after Galien in 6^to De Egritudine et Sinthomate
269and
2705^to Interiorum .

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271    The splene (i. mylte) is þe resceyuour of þe melancolique superfluyte,
272igendred in þe lyuer, in þe lefte side bowynge ouerþwartly.
273Whos substaunce is þenne, spongyouse and blakker þan þe substaunce
274of þe lyuer. It haþ an euelong schappe, as it were fourecornered.
275And it is bounden by his pannycle wiþ þe ribbes after
276his bowgynge and after þe holownesse wiþ þe stomak and wiþ
277zirbus. The splene haþ two waies. By þat oone he draweþ the
278forsaide superfluyte fro þe lyuer, and by þat oþer he sendeþ it to
279þe stomak for þe forsaide helpynges. The splene may suffre many
280sekenessis, most redely hardenessis and stoppynges for þe forsaide
281mater. And if þe lyuer suffre defaute of clensynge of þise,
282þan þe body is made þynne and discolored. And if it suffre defaute
283of sendynge to þe stomak, þe appetite is hurte, as þise be redde
284afore. The soluciouns of contynuhede in it ben nouȝt so perilouse
285as in þe lyuer. Þe splene suffreþ stronger medicynes þan þe lyuer.
286It is purged properly by þe wombe. it is heled or leched aboute
287þe lefte side, as Galien saiþ 3^o Terapeutice .
288    Þe reynes ben particles (i. membres) ordeyned to clense þe
289blood fro watri superfluyte, and þay beeþ two: oon in þe riȝt side
290nygh þe lyuer, anoþer in þe left side lower þan þat oþer. The
291substaunce of ham is fleschy and harde. Þai beeþ forsoþe in schappe
292rounde as þirsten egge. And þay hauen in hem holownessis in þe
293whiche þat is resceyued þat is drawen of ham. In ayþer of hem
294beeþ two nekkes. By þat oone þai drawen a watrihede fro þe veyne
295kyle and by consequent (i.lyke resoun) of þe lyuer. And by anoþer
296þai sende þat watrihede þat is cleped vryne to þe bledder. To þe
297reynes comen veynes, arteries and synowes, of þe whiche a pannycle
298of hem is made, wiþ the whiche þe reynes ben bounden to
299þe bak. The reynes haþ talowy fatnes al aboute. The lynes
300ben behynde þe reynes nexte þe spondyles vpon þe whiche þay
301lyen as in here pylowe or softenesse. Bytwene boþe þe reynes
302aboue þe spondyles gone þe veynes kylis and abhorti to þe lower
303membres. Of þe whiche veynes ful nyghe ham spryngen þe vesselles
304of þe sperme, of þe whiche it schal be saide wiþynne. The
305reynes may suffre many sekenessis, nameliche opilaciouns (i. stoppynges)
306and stones. Þe manere of curynge ȝe schal see ful harde
307in any wise.
308    The whiche þinges forsoþe iseyne, he may caste away all

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309excepte þe stomak (if þe anothomye schal be made of þe ouer
310membres) and þe reynes, to see þe anothomye of þe lower membres.
311And þan þou schalt byholde þe nombre and quantite of þe spondiles
312(i. þe lynkes ioynt or bones of þe bak). And þow schalt fynde ham
3135 gretter þan oþer, by þe whiche 5 paire of synowes descenden fro
314þe nuke (i. þe marye of the rygge bone) to al þe wombe and to the
315parties of þe þighes and of þe grete feet.

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316

THE FOURÞE CAPITLE, OF WIRCHYNGES AND OF ÞE CRAFT OF ÞE
317ARRAYENGE OF MEDECYNES ÞE WHICHE ACCORDEN IN ÞE CRAFT OF
318CIRURGIE.

319
320    It is nedefulle and ful profitable ful ofte to leches, and moste to
321cirurgens, þat þai conne helpe and make and mynistre also þe
322helpes of seke men, for þat it happeþ ham ofte tymes to wirche in
323places in þe whiche apotecaries be noght founden, and if þai be
324founden, þai ben nouȝt so gode ne connynge in euery þing. Neuerþelatter
325þere ben many pore men þe whiche may not by þe propre
326þinges and preciouse, þe whiche it byhoueþ to passe with commune
327þynges. And þerfore the lore and þe manere of knowynge of
328symple þinges is ȝeuen of Galien in þe firste bokes of Symple
329Medecynes by þe substaunce, by smelle, by þe taste and suche
330oþere. And þe manere of þe makynge of compownede medecynes
331is in 17 bokes of þe Makynge of Medecynes, of þe whiche x ben
332cleped Al Meamur and 7 Cathagenes , as Haly bereth witnesse in
333fine Tegni.
334    So forsothe saith Galien hymself sometyme to haue made (as
335he saiþ in 6^to Meamur ), beynge sometyme in a felde, wantynge
336diamoron in one þat hadde sekenesse in þe þrote, and he
337fonde dyanucum. As it is saide in xi^o Terapeutice , he toke wormode
338in a pore leche þolyng an aposteme in the lyuer, þat myght
339noght by oleum nardinum.
340    I also vsed neuere to go oute of citees but þat I wolde bere with
341me þe purses of clisteries and some commune þinges. And I sought
342herbes by þe feldes with þe forsaide maneres to helpe þe seke men
343sone. And so I bare away þanke and plente of frendes, and in þe
344mene while þe propre medecynes were ordeyned and procured.
345    Certeynly it is profitable also to konne many medecynes, for
346alle þinges ben noght founden in alle places, as it was allegged in
347Meamur aboue in þe boke of apostemes of þe eres. And þat þat
348conforteþ in one houre conforteþ noght in anoþer houre. And
349þat þat profiteþ to one noyeþ to anoþer. And al þat is for dyuerste
350of þe particulere complexioun of þe folke and of þe helpes, þe
351whiche may not be schewed vnder certeyne lettres, as he saide in
3523^o Terapeutice.
353    For þe whiche it is to wite þat þe wirchynges of thinges þat
354longen to cirurgie ben departed after þe vertues þat ben in ham
355and þai haue to done ham in manis body, þe whiche ben nombrede

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356þrefolde of Galien and of Averoys in 5^to. Somme ben þe firste, þe
357whiche ben clepede þe complexionales and qualitatifz, for þai come
358of þe qualitees of elementes, as þai ben þat ȝeuen and maken hete,
359coldenesse, dryenesse and moystenesse. And some ben þe secounde
360complexiouns, for þai folowe þe forsaide firste complexions, þe
361whiche ben cleped þe substanciales in here manere, as þai þat haue
362to smyte aȝeyne, to drawe, to resolue, to softene, to rype, to clense,
363to sowde togidre, to make þe flesche to growe aȝeyne and also to
364lisse akþe. And some ben of þe þridde þat haue to do þis in certeyn
365membres, the whiche in here manere ben cleped speciales
366or formales, as laxatyf medecynes and medecyne þat maken to pisse
367and medecynes also þat maken þe siȝt briȝt and scharpen þe
368herynge and suche oþere.
369    The whiche wirchynges forsoþe, after þe mynde of Avicen in
3702^o Canonum , ben sometyme made symple sometyme in here
371manere, as ben roses, camomylle and planteyne. And sometyme
372þai ben made compownede, as ben oyles, oynementz, emplastres,
373wateres, softe plastrynges, powdres and soche oþere.
374    Neuerþelatter it is more worthi to wirche with simple medecynes,
375who þat may, þan with compownede medecynes, for þat
376many þinges comen togidre in compownede medecynes þe whiche
377may noght accorde into one þing, as it was schewed in 13^o Terapeutice.
378And þerfore saide Maister Arnalde þat he þat myght hele
379with symple medecynes, he secheþ compownede sorowfully or in
380veyne. Neuerþelatter nede constreyneþ sometyme, as he saiþ, to
381make medecynes of dyuerse þinges when þat a symple medecyne
382is nought founden myȝti to fulfille profitably þe purposed entencions
383þat ben conceyuede. The entencions forsoþe ben conceyuede,
384after þe same Arnalde, of þe membres and of þe maladies
385or of þe medecynes, after þe noblenes or also after þe dyuersite of
386þe condicioun of ham and also of þe site and compocicioun. Of
387maladies, after þe composicioun þe whiche þei haue in hamself
388and in rewarde of þe causes of þe accidentes. Of medecynes, when
389þat þai ben feble, horrible or ouer strong.
390    And for þat þise þinges ben beste tretede after Avicen in 5^to and
391by Serapion in septimo and by þe translatoure of þe Antitodarie
392Azaram in þe firste partie and Iohan de Sancto Amando in Areoles,

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393I charge noght to drawe þe speche alonge in þise þinges. Neuerþelatter
394medecynes ben arrayed and clensed and soden
395and brynte and grounden and soche oþere for certeyn causes, of
396þe whiche þinges Serapioun treted ful trewely in þe boke þat is
397cleped Seruytor.
398

OF ÞE ARRAYENGE OF SIMPLE MEDECYNES

    The cause forsothe
399whye þat symple medecynes ben clensede is þat straunge þinges
400may be removede fro ham. And alle þai be wasshen þat þai be þe
401more clene and pure, and some forsoþe þat þe drastes and may be
402þrowen fro ham, and many forsothe þat þe scharpenesse may be
403removede and þat þere may be a coldenesse geten.
404

OF ÞE CLENSYNG OF HERBES

    An ensample of clensynge and of
405makynge clene is hadde in herbes and in rotes, þe whiche þinges
406how þat þai be clensede it is knowen to alle men. Oyle and waxe
407is an ensample þat þe drastes and filþe be done awaye.
408

OF ÞE WASSHINGE OF OYLE

    Oyle is waschen in double manere:
409in one manere with a boxe hauynge two holes, one in the ouer
410ende, anoþer in þe botome, and filled after þe half wiþ hote water
411and wiþ oyle. Schette þe holes and schake ham strongely til þat
412þe oyle and þe water be wel medlede. And at þe laste after þe
413restynge, open þe hole of þe botome til þat þe water were drawen
414oute. And at þe laste, putte yn als mykel of anoþer water, and be
415it done as it was first. And be it so ofte done aȝeyne til þat þe oyle
416be made white.
417    It is wasshed forsoþe more liȝtly in anoþer manere. It is put in
418a basyn, in a disshe or in a potte with als mykel of hote water.
419And be it beten with a sclyse so mykel til þat it be made white.
420Afterward sette it in þe sonne til þat þe oyle be departed fro
421þe water. Afterward be þe oyle gadered fro the ouer egge of þe
422water with some spone, and sette it vp. And if it be inow, clense
423it wel. And if it be noght, putte yn ageyne of þe water as þou
424dedest erst, and so þries or foure tymes til þat it wexe
425white.
426

OF ÞE WASSHINGE OF WAXE

    Waxe is wasshen and made white
427yn meltynge it wiþ water and in areryng it vp with a stone
428or with a rounde glasse wrappede þerynne. And afterward be
429it drenched in colde water, and be it departed fro þe stone, in
430doynge so ofte til þat al þe waxe be drawen oute. And afterward

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431be it putte to þe sonne, alway in turnynge it til þat it be perfiȝtly
432whyte.
433    Anoþer manere, and more liȝtly, waxe is taken and is soden in
434water. And afterward þat water is þrowen oute, and anoþer water
435is putte þerto. And be it done so ofte til þat it be made white.
436

OF WASSHYNGE OF TERBENTYNE

    Terbentyne is wasshed, þat it
437may be made þe more swete for synowes, in a disshe wiþ colde
438water. And bete yn so mykel with a staf, in chaungynge ofte þe
439water, til þat it be made white.
440

OF ÞE WASSHINGE OF BUTTER

    Olde butter is wasshed, þat þe
441saltenesse may be removede and þat it be made þe more spedy in
442softenynge, in a disshe with colde water. And be it beten so mykel
443with a staf til þat it be made white.
444

OF ÞE WASSHYNGE OF QUIKKE LYME

    Quyk lyme is wasshed,
445þat his scharpenesse may be remouede and þat it myȝt be made
446dryande, in a bacyne with colde water in medlynge it wiþ a staffe.
447And after þat þat water haue restede, be it þrowe away and put
448yn anoþer, in doynge þis seuen tymes or nyne tymes or so ofte
449til þat the water be founden soote and swete to þe taaste.
450

OF ÞE WASSHYNGE AND OF ÞE ARRAYENG OF TUTYE AND SOCHE
451OÞERE

    Tutye is preparate firste in brennynge, þat it may þe lighter
452be turnede, in fyrynge it nyne tymes in hote brennynge coles and in
453quenchynge it nyne tymes in vynegre or in raynewater or in water
454of rose or of fenelle or of maioran after þat to whiche þing he wille
455lay it. Afterward forsothe it is wasshen, þat it may be made clene
456and swete and colde, in brayeng it in a grete manere.
457And be it stered so mykel in a basyn with colde water þat þe
458smalle þerof passe into þe water, and put þat grete oute of the
459cloþe. Afterward trouble þat water and chaunge it sodeynly in
460another vessel in streynynge with anoþer cloth, and do away þat
461grete. And do he þat twies or thries til þat þere byleue no þing of
462þe grete. After late it reste til þat it go downe in þe botome, and
463þan caste away þat water with þat grennesse þat swymmeth aboue.
464And put þerto anoþer water, so ofte in doynge þis aȝeyne til þat
465þe water be made soote and swete. Þan drye it, and kepe it.
466    Tutie is an ensample of brennynge þat the forsaide gryndinge
467may liȝtely be made, but it is putte in smale corrosyues þat the
468fretynge may be remouede and þat þe dryenesse and þe sowdyng

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469may abide, as Galien putteþ it in 3^o Farmacorum of coperose and
470of vertegrece.
471

OF ÞE BRENNYNGE OF COPPEROSE AND SOCHE OÞERE

    Thai ben
472fired in a crusselle or on a scherde with coles blowen with a
473belowe til þat þai be enflawmed, and quenche ham, and burble
474ham. And be þat so ofte done til þat þe coloure be chaungede into
475rede or ȝelow colour and til þat no burble appere, and cole it, and
476kepe it.
477     An ensample of sethynge and þe vertue ȝeuen in þe colature is
478in siruppes and in oyles and in stepynges, in þe whiche þinges þe
479vertue is taken in þe seþynge. Afterward þai ben made in syrupe
480and in oyles and in clisteries and gargarismes and enbrokede.
481A decoccioun also is sometyme made þat þe vertue þat is noght
482nedeful be departede and þat þe nedefulle may abide, as Galien
483scheweþ euydently in cole and in ote mele in 3^o Farmacorum.
484    An ensample of brying þat þe thinges be þe more abidynge vpon
485þe place and þat þai be made þe more dryande, as þe dome and
486þe terme is in litarge and in centorie, as Avicen saith.
487

OF ARRAYENGE OF COMPOWNED MEDECYNES

    Compownede
488medecynes forsoþe ben arrayed and made in dyuers manere, after
489Iohan de Santo Amando and after Maistre Stephen Arnalde of
490Mountpilerz, for dyuerse profites, as in þe fourme of oyles, of
491oynementes, of harde plastres, of softe plastres and soche oþere.
492

OF OYLES

    Oyle is softe moysture and fattisshe. And þai ben
493made, after þe lore of Hebenmesue and of Azaram, þrefolde, þat
494is to seie by þirstynge oute, as oyle of olyues (of þe whiche Galien
495saith in 2^o Farmacorum þat is as a mater reseyuynge alle vertues)
496and oyle of almandes and of notes and of myrtilles, of lymones,
497oyle de baye and oleum muscelinum and oyle of ayren and soche
498oþere; ben made also in anoþer manere by seþynge at þe fire or
499atte þe sonne or within hote erþe, as oyle of rose, of camomyle,
500of lilye and soche oþere. Thai ben made in the þridde maner by
501sublymacioun, as oleum benedictum and oyle of terebentyne and
502oyle of tartir, oyle of asshe, oyle of iunypre and soche oþere.
503    The cause why þat þai ben made oyles and the vertues ben putte
504in ham is twofolde: one cause is þat it may bere þe vertue þe more
505depere. Þe secounde cause is þat oyle schulde make þe scharpenesse

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506of þynges swete with þe whiche þai ben made. Neuerþelatter
507it is to be vnderstonde þat when colde oyles ben made of oyle de
508olyue, þai schal be made swete with swete and with rype oyle.
509

OF OYNEMENTIS

    An oynement forsothe is a gressy thyng, noght
510flowande or rennynge, but abydynge. And þai ben made, after
511the commune lore: one manere, wiþoute fire, in brayenge in a
512morter. And vnguentum album is made in þis manere, and alle
513þe oynementz þat aren made of mynes. And þere is putte li. sem.
514of oyle to euery vnce of þe smale powdres; of wateres, of iuses or
515of vynegre als mykel as of þe myneralles.
516    Thai ben made in anoþer manere with fire, in meltynge
517wexe and fattenesse in oyle. And laste when þat it is colede, medle
518þerwiþ wel-grounden powdre. And to euery pownde of þe oyle is
519putte a quartroun of wexe and a quartroun of powdre in somer.
520In wynter forsothe lesse of þe wexe is nedefulle.
521    And þai ben made in þe þridde manere wiþ greces and herbes
522in stampynge ham and afterward soden and streynede; it is an
523oynement. And þere is put als mykel of þe herbes as of þe oynementes.
524    The causes why þat oynementes ben made is þat þat þay may
525abyde softely in þe ouer egge and þat þai flowe noght ne þat þai go
526not ouer depe. Þai ben menes forsoþe bytwene oyles and emplastres.
527

OF EMPLASTRES

    An emplastre is a cerotarie confeccioun made
528sadde and hardened by sethynge. And þai ben made þrefolde: in
529one manere when þat þai ben made of mynes. Firste it is soden
530with oyle vnto þe þikkenesse. Afterward muscilages ben put þerto,
531as in dyaquilon, and withoute muscilage, as þe blak plastre.
532    In anoþer manere þai ben made wiþoute mynes, as oxceracroceum,
533with gummes, with wexe, with pycche, with terebentyne
534and wiþ some powdres by þis manere: when þat þe gummes ben
535bryede and temperede in vynegre or in wyne, on the morne melte
536ham at þe fire, and be þai dissoluede vnto þe wastynge of þe wyne
537or of þe vynegre. And when þay ben streynede, putte þerto þe
538pycche and afterward þe wexe and laste þe terebentyne, and in
539settynge downe fro þe fire, alwaye in sterynge with a sclise.

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540And þrowe it in colde water and drawe it oute. And drawe oute
541þe water, in tewynge it wiþ þyn hondes with vynegre or wiþ oyle,
542and make þerof rolles. A tokene forsoþe of þe sethynge of plastres
543is þat þat a drope of ham þrowen in colde water or on a marble
544stone be congeled and þat it cleue noght to thy fyngres in temperynge.
545    And þai ben made also in þe þridde medlede maner
546with mynes, with gommes and with powdres, as it is to see in
547apostolicon. Þe causes forsothe whi þat emplastres ben made is
548þat þe vertue may þe lenger abide in þe membre.
549

OF GROWELLES AND SOFTE PLASTRES

    Growelles and softe plastres
550ben as it were þe same, for in growelles þere entreþ but meles with
551water or wiþ iuses an wiþ oyle or with hony. In softe plastres
552ben putte iuses and herbes. And þai ben made to mature, and þan
553þai schal be gleymy, or to resolue, and þan þai schal be wiþoute
554notable viscosite, for þat a notable viscosite or gleymynesse wiþholdeth
555þe hete and þe spirit and þe mater in schettynge þe pores,
556þe whiche bothe done to maturing wiþ lettynge of resolucioun, as
557it is saide in 5^to Farmacorum and it schal be saide withinforth.
558Neuerþelatter þai ben ofte clepede emplastres. Þe causes of ham
559ben liȝtenesse of arrayenge and þe profitablenesse of symple medecynes,
560þe whiche schulde nouȝt elles haue so moche vertue.
561

OF EMBROCACIOUNS AND EPITHIMACIOUNS

    Thise þynges forsothe
562ben simple licours and compownede, with þe whiche
563membres ben particulerly fomentede, or in þe whiche spownges
564ben dippede, or lynen clothe, and, þriste oute, ben laide vpon þe
565membre, and þai ben ofte removede. And þe causes of soche
566þinges ben lyȝtlynesse of hetynge and of colynge and of moystinge
567and of resoluynge wiþ the vertue of depynge.
568

OF OÞERE MANERES

    Þere ben many oþere manere of makynges
569of medecynes, as distillynges of wateres to make faire with and
570smerynges and enoyntynges and soche oþere, þe whiche ben moste
571done to þe schewynge and to þe wille of þe seke men þan to þe
572beynge, as Henry saith. It bifalleth a stable leche to stonde in
573certeyn þinges and prouede, and hym þat is of vnstable
574witte to wandre by many þinges, as Arnalde saith. And if þere be
575founden sometyme trewe þing, it is more to wite chaunce þan
576resoun, as it is saide in 3^o Terapeutice. It byhoveth a leche forsoþe

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577to be knowere of þe propre kyndes in þe whiche he wircheþ and
578with whiche, as it is saide by all.